TY - JOUR
T1 - 2025 International Consensus Meeting on Musculoskeletal Infection
T2 - Summary From the Biofilm Workgroup on Biofilm Formation, Persistence, and Host-Environment Interactions
AU - Muthukrishnan, Gowrishankar
AU - Coraça-Huber, Débora C.
AU - Atkins, Gerald J.
AU - Abbaszadeh, Ahmad
AU - Abedi, Armita A.
AU - Abuhussein, Ezzuddin
AU - Bingham, Joshua S.
AU - Cichos, Kyle H.
AU - Coenye, Tom
AU - Drago, Lorenzo
AU - Hamilton, John
AU - Hickok, Noreen J.
AU - Iannotti, Ferdinando
AU - Jennings, Jessica Amber
AU - Jensen, Louise Kruse
AU - Li, Bingyun
AU - Manzary, Mojieb
AU - Moriarty, T. Fintan
AU - McDonald, Katya
AU - Nishitani, Kohei
AU - Norton, Nicholas
AU - Oral, Ebru
AU - Parvizi, Javad M.
AU - Raafat, Dina
AU - Saeed, Kordo
AU - Sallai, Imre
AU - Schwarz, Edward M.
AU - Siverino, Claudia
AU - Sekar, Amita
AU - Tate, Jermiah
AU - Trobos, Margarita
AU - Tubbs, Andie
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2026 Orthopaedic Research Society.
PY - 2026/1
Y1 - 2026/1
N2 - Musculoskeletal infection (MSKI) remains a major problem after trauma and elective orthopedic surgery. Chronic MSKI is related to the formation of biofilm, which impairs diagnosis and effective treatments. Therefore, to understand and communicate global standards and best practices, the 2025 International Consensus Meeting (ICM) on MSKI created a Biofilm Section to address crucial aspects of biofilm biology pertaining to its mechanisms of drug resistance and immune evasion, and potential approaches to overcome them. This featured a 2-year process, with final voting and discussion on May 8–10, 2025, in Istanbul, Turkey. This Consensus Article is the effort of the Biofilm Basic Mechanisms Workgroup, which interpreted the results on ICM questions related to (1) the infectious microenvironment; (2) appropriate inocula in preclinical research; (3) biofilm behavior in infected tissues; and (4) synergy within biofilms and with other comorbidities. Collectively, we find that this field has the necessary research tools to discover the pathophysiology of orthopedic implant-associated biofilm development and maturation, perform clinically relevant studies in animal models, and elucidate mechanisms that allow opportunistic infections in compromised tissues and patients with other health issues.
AB - Musculoskeletal infection (MSKI) remains a major problem after trauma and elective orthopedic surgery. Chronic MSKI is related to the formation of biofilm, which impairs diagnosis and effective treatments. Therefore, to understand and communicate global standards and best practices, the 2025 International Consensus Meeting (ICM) on MSKI created a Biofilm Section to address crucial aspects of biofilm biology pertaining to its mechanisms of drug resistance and immune evasion, and potential approaches to overcome them. This featured a 2-year process, with final voting and discussion on May 8–10, 2025, in Istanbul, Turkey. This Consensus Article is the effort of the Biofilm Basic Mechanisms Workgroup, which interpreted the results on ICM questions related to (1) the infectious microenvironment; (2) appropriate inocula in preclinical research; (3) biofilm behavior in infected tissues; and (4) synergy within biofilms and with other comorbidities. Collectively, we find that this field has the necessary research tools to discover the pathophysiology of orthopedic implant-associated biofilm development and maturation, perform clinically relevant studies in animal models, and elucidate mechanisms that allow opportunistic infections in compromised tissues and patients with other health issues.
KW - biofilm
KW - biofilm formation
KW - biofilm persistence
KW - host-pathogen interactions
KW - musculoskeletal infection (MSKI)
KW - osteomyelitis
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105027081226
U2 - 10.1002/jor.70130
DO - 10.1002/jor.70130
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 41506787
AN - SCOPUS:105027081226
SN - 0736-0266
VL - 44
JO - Journal of Orthopaedic Research
JF - Journal of Orthopaedic Research
IS - 1
M1 - e70130
ER -