TY - JOUR
T1 - Waist circumference and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as markers of cardiometabolic risk in Kenyan adults
AU - Faurholt-Jepsen, Daniel
AU - Friis, Henrik
AU - Mwaniki, David L.
AU - Boit, Michael K.
AU - Kaduka, Lydia U.
AU - Tetens, Inge
AU - Christensen, Dirk L.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Faurholt-Jepsen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/2
Y1 - 2021/2
N2 - BACKGROUND: Abdominal obesity predict metabolic syndrome parameters at low levels of waist circumference (WC) in Africans. At the same time, the African lipid profile phenotype of low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol without concomitant elevated triglyceride levels renders high triglyceride levels detrimental to cardiometabolic health unsuitable for identifying cardiometabolic risk in black African populations.OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify simple clinical measures for cardiometabolic risk based on WC and HDL in an adult Kenyan population in order to determine which of the two predictors had the strongest impact.METHODS: We used linear regression analyses to assess the association between the two exposure variables WC and HDL with cardiometabolic risk factors including ultrasound-derived visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) accumulation, fasting and 2-h venous glucose, fasting insulin, fasting lipid profile, and blood pressure in adult Kenyans (n = 1 370), and a sub-population with hyperglycaemia (diabetes and pre-diabetes) (n = 196). The same analyses were performed with an interaction between WC and HDL to address potential effect modification. Ultrasound-based, semi-quantitative hepatic steatosis assessment was used as a high-risk measure of cardiometabolic disease.RESULTS: Mean age was 38.2 (SD 10.7) (range 17-68) years, mean body mass index was 22.3 (SD 4.5) (range 13.0-44.8) kg/m2, and 57.8% were women. Cardiometabolic risk was found in the association between both WC and HDL and all outcome variables (p<0.05) except for HDL and SAT, fasting and 2-h venous glucose. Additive cardiometabolic risk (WC and HDL interaction) was found for SAT, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. No differences in the association between WC and HDL and the outcome variables were found when comparing the full study population and the hyperglycaemia sub-population. Increase in WC and HDL were both associated with hepatic steatosis (OR 1.09, p<0.001, and OR 0.46, p = 0.031, respectively).CONCLUSION: In adult Kenyans, increasing WC identified more cardiometabolic risk factors compared to HDL.
AB - BACKGROUND: Abdominal obesity predict metabolic syndrome parameters at low levels of waist circumference (WC) in Africans. At the same time, the African lipid profile phenotype of low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol without concomitant elevated triglyceride levels renders high triglyceride levels detrimental to cardiometabolic health unsuitable for identifying cardiometabolic risk in black African populations.OBJECTIVES: We aimed to identify simple clinical measures for cardiometabolic risk based on WC and HDL in an adult Kenyan population in order to determine which of the two predictors had the strongest impact.METHODS: We used linear regression analyses to assess the association between the two exposure variables WC and HDL with cardiometabolic risk factors including ultrasound-derived visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) accumulation, fasting and 2-h venous glucose, fasting insulin, fasting lipid profile, and blood pressure in adult Kenyans (n = 1 370), and a sub-population with hyperglycaemia (diabetes and pre-diabetes) (n = 196). The same analyses were performed with an interaction between WC and HDL to address potential effect modification. Ultrasound-based, semi-quantitative hepatic steatosis assessment was used as a high-risk measure of cardiometabolic disease.RESULTS: Mean age was 38.2 (SD 10.7) (range 17-68) years, mean body mass index was 22.3 (SD 4.5) (range 13.0-44.8) kg/m2, and 57.8% were women. Cardiometabolic risk was found in the association between both WC and HDL and all outcome variables (p<0.05) except for HDL and SAT, fasting and 2-h venous glucose. Additive cardiometabolic risk (WC and HDL interaction) was found for SAT, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. No differences in the association between WC and HDL and the outcome variables were found when comparing the full study population and the hyperglycaemia sub-population. Increase in WC and HDL were both associated with hepatic steatosis (OR 1.09, p<0.001, and OR 0.46, p = 0.031, respectively).CONCLUSION: In adult Kenyans, increasing WC identified more cardiometabolic risk factors compared to HDL.
KW - Adolescent
KW - Adult
KW - Aged
KW - Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology
KW - Cholesterol, HDL/blood
KW - Female
KW - Heart Disease Risk Factors
KW - Humans
KW - Kenya
KW - Male
KW - Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology
KW - Middle Aged
KW - Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology
KW - Waist Circumference
KW - Young Adult
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85102088150&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1371/journal.pone.0247600
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0247600
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 33630976
AN - SCOPUS:85102088150
SN - 1932-6203
VL - 16
SP - e0247600
JO - PLoS One
JF - PLoS One
IS - 2
M1 - e0247600
ER -