The supportive role of stem cells-derived exosomes in the embryo implantation process by regulating oxidative stress

Oxidative stress can affect many aspects of the reproduction process. The embryo implantation process is also one of the critical steps in establishing a successful pregnancy, and several factors, including oxidative stress, can impact the process. Oxidative stress is a state of imbalance between pro-oxidant molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses. Excessive levels of ROS cause damage to the cellular macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, resulting in cell dysfunction and pathological conditions. Recently, studies have displayed the therapeutic and antioxidant properties of exosomes derived from stem cells. Exosomes are one type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by almost all cells and contain different biomolecules. The unique properties of exosomes, like regulation of biological processes, transportation of biomolecules, stability, and biodegradability, can make exosomes a promising therapeutic option in reproductive disorders and diseases. Exosomes also can significantly improve the curative effect of oxidative stress-related pathogenesis. Accordingly, this review aims to provide a novel overview of how exosomes derived from stem cells can regulate oxidative stress and support the process of embryo implantation, hoping to pave the way to clinical applications and future research in this field.