TY - JOUR
T1 - The roles of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation and infancy: review of current knowledge and consensus recommendations
AU - Koletzko, Berthold
AU - Lien, Eric
AU - Agostoni, Carlo
AU - Böhles, Hansjosef
AU - Campoy, Cristina
AU - Cetin, Irene
AU - Decsi, Tamas
AU - Dudenhausen, Joachim W
AU - Dupont, Cristophe
AU - Forsyth, Stewart
AU - Hoesli, Irene
AU - Holzgreve, Wolfgang
AU - Lapillonne, Alexandre
AU - Putet, Guy
AU - Secher, Niels J
AU - Symonds, Mike
AU - Szajewska, Hania
AU - Willatts, Peter
AU - Uauy, Ricardo
AU - NN, NN
PY - 2008
Y1 - 2008
N2 - This paper reviews current knowledge on the role of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), in maternal and term infant nutrition as well as infant development. Consensus recommendations and practice guidelines for health-care providers supported by the World Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Early Nutrition Academy, and the Child Health Foundation are provided. The fetus and neonate should receive LC-PUFA in amounts sufficient to support optimal visual and cognitive development. Moreover, the consumption of oils rich in n-3 LC-PUFA during pregnancy reduces the risk for early premature birth. Pregnant and lactating women should aim to achieve an average daily intake of at least 200 mg DHA. For healthy term infants, we recommend and fully endorse breastfeeding, which supplies preformed LC-PUFA, as the preferred method of feeding. When breastfeeding is not possible, we recommend use of an infant formula providing DHA at levels between 0.2 and 0.5 weight percent of total fat, and with the minimum amount of AA equivalent to the contents of DHA. Dietary LC-PUFA supply should continue after the first six months of life, but currently there is not sufficient information for quantitative recommendations.
AB - This paper reviews current knowledge on the role of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), in maternal and term infant nutrition as well as infant development. Consensus recommendations and practice guidelines for health-care providers supported by the World Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Early Nutrition Academy, and the Child Health Foundation are provided. The fetus and neonate should receive LC-PUFA in amounts sufficient to support optimal visual and cognitive development. Moreover, the consumption of oils rich in n-3 LC-PUFA during pregnancy reduces the risk for early premature birth. Pregnant and lactating women should aim to achieve an average daily intake of at least 200 mg DHA. For healthy term infants, we recommend and fully endorse breastfeeding, which supplies preformed LC-PUFA, as the preferred method of feeding. When breastfeeding is not possible, we recommend use of an infant formula providing DHA at levels between 0.2 and 0.5 weight percent of total fat, and with the minimum amount of AA equivalent to the contents of DHA. Dietary LC-PUFA supply should continue after the first six months of life, but currently there is not sufficient information for quantitative recommendations.
KW - Breast Feeding
KW - Dietary Fats, Unsaturated
KW - Dietary Supplements
KW - Docosahexaenoic Acids
KW - Eicosanoic Acids
KW - Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
KW - Female
KW - Humans
KW - Infant
KW - Infant Formula
KW - Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
KW - Infant, Newborn
KW - Lactation
KW - Nutrition Policy
KW - Nutritional Requirements
KW - Pregnancy
KW - Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
U2 - 10.1515/JPM.2008.001
DO - 10.1515/JPM.2008.001
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 18184094
SN - 0300-5577
VL - 36
SP - 5
EP - 14
JO - Journal of Perinatal Medicine
JF - Journal of Perinatal Medicine
IS - 1
ER -