The overlooked paradox of the coexistence of overweight/obesity and anemia during pregnancy

Globally, the prevalence of overweight and obesity, including among pregnant women, has substantially increased in the past three decades. This has been fueled by, among other factors, an increase in the consumption of high energy-dense foods and a decrease in physical activity. Additionally, global prevalence of anemia among pregnant women remains a public health concern. Overweight/obesity as well as anemia in pregnancy are independently associated with adverse health outcomes for the mother and offspring. In some pregnant women, the two conditions coexist. Yet current knowledge in this field, including prevalence rates, risk factors, and health consequences for mother and offspring being exposed to these conditions, is staggeringly sparse. In this review we describe the current evidence on prevalence rates, risk factors, and effects for mother and offspring regarding coexistence of overweight/obesity and anaemia in pregnant women based on a systematic literature search. We also highlight research gaps and suggest avenues for future research.