TY - JOUR
T1 - The effect of extrinsic feedback on improving functioning in people with congenital and acquired brain injury
T2 - a systematic review and meta-analysis
AU - Novosel, Ivana Bardino
AU - Christensen, Jan
AU - Jensen, Mie Klarskov
AU - Lorentzen, Jakob
PY - 2026/1
Y1 - 2026/1
N2 - PURPOSE: Estimating the effect of extrinsic feedback (EF) on functional recovery, functional skill acquisition, and motor learning in individuals with brain injuries.METHOD: Systematic review and meta-analysis using databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PEDro, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials searched on January 2024. Eligible trials compared motor training with EF provision to no EF provision or with different EF content. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Random effects meta-analysis synthesized the results. The certainty of evidence was rated using the GRADE approach.RESULTS: 51 controlled trials, including 1,451 participants. No significant EF effect for children and teenagers with cerebral palsy (CP). Among adults with stroke, EF showed a large effect on functional recovery (SMD 1.03, 95% CI [0.13; 1.93]) and a moderate effect on motor learning (SMD 0.52, 95% CI [0.35; 0.69]).CONCLUSION: High to moderate evidence for a large to moderate effect of EF on functional recovery and motor learning in adults with stroke. Effectiveness for children, adolescents, and adults with congenital and traumatic brain injury lacks evidence. Comprehensive meta-analytic synthesis of different EF content was not possible.STUDY REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022327646.
AB - PURPOSE: Estimating the effect of extrinsic feedback (EF) on functional recovery, functional skill acquisition, and motor learning in individuals with brain injuries.METHOD: Systematic review and meta-analysis using databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PEDro, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials searched on January 2024. Eligible trials compared motor training with EF provision to no EF provision or with different EF content. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Random effects meta-analysis synthesized the results. The certainty of evidence was rated using the GRADE approach.RESULTS: 51 controlled trials, including 1,451 participants. No significant EF effect for children and teenagers with cerebral palsy (CP). Among adults with stroke, EF showed a large effect on functional recovery (SMD 1.03, 95% CI [0.13; 1.93]) and a moderate effect on motor learning (SMD 0.52, 95% CI [0.35; 0.69]).CONCLUSION: High to moderate evidence for a large to moderate effect of EF on functional recovery and motor learning in adults with stroke. Effectiveness for children, adolescents, and adults with congenital and traumatic brain injury lacks evidence. Comprehensive meta-analytic synthesis of different EF content was not possible.STUDY REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42022327646.
KW - Extrinsic feedback
KW - acquired brain injury
KW - congenital brain injury
KW - meta-analysis
KW - motor learning
KW - recovery
KW - skill acquisition
KW - Stroke Rehabilitation/methods
KW - Humans
KW - Brain Injuries/rehabilitation
KW - Recovery of Function
KW - Cerebral Palsy/rehabilitation
KW - Motor Skills
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105004836053&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/09638288.2025.2497461
DO - 10.1080/09638288.2025.2497461
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 40346794
SN - 1464-5165
VL - 48
SP - 94
EP - 107
JO - Disability and Rehabilitation
JF - Disability and Rehabilitation
IS - 1
ER -