TY - JOUR
T1 - Temporal Trends in Pregnancy Outcomes Among Parents With Type 1 Diabetes
T2 - A Nationwide Register-Based Study
AU - Gundersen, Tina Wullum
AU - Knorr, Sine
AU - Ringholm, Lene
AU - Moeller Jensen, Dorte
AU - Damm, Peter
AU - Kragelund Nielsen, Karoline
AU - Backman, Helena
AU - Lauenborg, Jeannet
AU - Mathiesen, Elisabeth Reinhardt
AU - Petersen, Anne Helby
AU - Skipper, Niels
AU - Kofoed-Enevoldsen, Allan
AU - Clausen, Tine Dalsgaard
N1 - © 2026 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
PY - 2026/2/3
Y1 - 2026/2/3
N2 - OBJECTIVE: To assess temporal trends in outcomes of pregnancies with maternal or paternal type 1 diabetes compared to the general population.DESIGN: Register-based study.SETTING: Denmark.POPULATION: 1 551 893 pregnancies from 1997 to 2021, hereof 5478 with maternal and 8072 with paternal type 1 diabetes.METHODS: Crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses allowing for interaction between diabetes and time compared outcomes of pregnancies with maternal or paternal type 1 diabetes to the general population and evaluated temporal trends over a 25-year period.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, caesarean delivery, preterm delivery (< 37-week gestation), very preterm delivery (< 34-week gestation), large for gestational age (LGA) (birth weight > 90th percentile) and extreme LGA (birth weight > 97.5th percentile).RESULTS: We observed an increasing prevalence of maternal (0.3%-0.4%) and paternal (0.5%-0.6%) diabetes during the study period. From 1997-2001 to 2017-2021, pregnancies with maternal diabetes had decreasing odds of preterm delivery (aOR 0.62, 95% CI 0.51;0.74), very preterm delivery (aOR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44;0.87) and extreme LGA (aOR 0.73, 95% CI 0.61;0.88) but remained associated with higher odds of each considered pregnancy outcome in both first and last period (aOR 3.59-18.86) compared to the general population. Pregnancies exposed to paternal diabetes were comparable to the general population.CONCLUSIONS: Despite a decline in adverse outcomes in pregnancies with maternal type 1 diabetes over the last 25 years, the odds remain greatly increased. These findings support a predominant role of maternal diabetes management rather than parental diabetes genes for pregnancy outcomes.
AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess temporal trends in outcomes of pregnancies with maternal or paternal type 1 diabetes compared to the general population.DESIGN: Register-based study.SETTING: Denmark.POPULATION: 1 551 893 pregnancies from 1997 to 2021, hereof 5478 with maternal and 8072 with paternal type 1 diabetes.METHODS: Crude and adjusted logistic regression analyses allowing for interaction between diabetes and time compared outcomes of pregnancies with maternal or paternal type 1 diabetes to the general population and evaluated temporal trends over a 25-year period.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, caesarean delivery, preterm delivery (< 37-week gestation), very preterm delivery (< 34-week gestation), large for gestational age (LGA) (birth weight > 90th percentile) and extreme LGA (birth weight > 97.5th percentile).RESULTS: We observed an increasing prevalence of maternal (0.3%-0.4%) and paternal (0.5%-0.6%) diabetes during the study period. From 1997-2001 to 2017-2021, pregnancies with maternal diabetes had decreasing odds of preterm delivery (aOR 0.62, 95% CI 0.51;0.74), very preterm delivery (aOR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44;0.87) and extreme LGA (aOR 0.73, 95% CI 0.61;0.88) but remained associated with higher odds of each considered pregnancy outcome in both first and last period (aOR 3.59-18.86) compared to the general population. Pregnancies exposed to paternal diabetes were comparable to the general population.CONCLUSIONS: Despite a decline in adverse outcomes in pregnancies with maternal type 1 diabetes over the last 25 years, the odds remain greatly increased. These findings support a predominant role of maternal diabetes management rather than parental diabetes genes for pregnancy outcomes.
U2 - 10.1111/1471-0528.70174
DO - 10.1111/1471-0528.70174
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 41635017
SN - 1470-0328
JO - BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
JF - BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology
ER -