Targeted alpha therapy (r)evolution: emerging nuclides for clinical applications

Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) delivers localized, high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation that induces irreparable DNA damage, particularly double-strand breaks, leading to selective tumor cell death. Alpha emitters are gaining interest due to their potent efficacy and favorable safety profiles compared with conventional treatments. Advances in chelator design have enabled the formation of highly stable chelating complexes or covalent binding to targeting molecules. Actinium-225, astatine-211, and lead-212 are the most promising and clinically advanced alpha-emitting radionuclides. However, scaling up production and ensuring a sustainable global supply remain major challenges. This review highlights recent progress in radionuclide production, radiochemistry, chelator development, and tumor-targeting strategies and examines the current landscape of clinical trials involving these three alpha emitters.