Stomach duodenum endoscopic ultrasound

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a method combining standard endoscopic visualization (frontal or side optics) with a high-frequency transducer. Many indications for using EUS in the stomach and duodenum are based on the capacity of EUS to project the wall in the gastrointestinal tract as multiple well-defined layers with relevant histological correspondence. Modern EUS can effectively diagnose submucosal lesions in detail and improve locoregional staging (T- and N-stage) of tumors in the stomach and duodenum. For example, EUS is the most sensitive method to stage gastric cancer (Polkowski et al. 2004). EUS can guide needles into specific layers of the gastrointestinal wall to aspirate cells for cytology, biochemical analyses, and flow cytometry, i.e., fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and thereby improve the diagnostic yield in the workup of pathological changes in the stomach and duodenum (Vilmann and Səftoiu 2006). The risks with EUS-FNA are bleeding (0-0.4%) and infection (0-0.3%). Several studies have demonstrated that EUS significantly impacts diagnosis and management of numerous diseases in the stomach and duodenum.