Plasma disappearance of glycated and non-glycated albumin in type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: evidence for charge dependent alterations of the plasma to lymph pathway

The fractional plasma escape rates of glycated and non-glycated albumin have earlier been measured in groups of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients and control subjects. The escape of non-glycated albumin was similar in control subjects and normoalbuminuric patients, but elevated in patients with micro or macroalbuminuria. In all groups the escape rate of glycated albumin was lower than that of non-glycated albumin. Glycation increases the anionic charge of albumin. To assay for charge-dependent alterations of transport a selectivity index (non-glycated albumin/glycated albumin transport ratio) was determined from the disappearance data. The index was high in control subjects (1.021 +/- 0.0057 (SEM)). This reflects a mean difference between the two escape rates of 2.1% per hour (for comparison the mean of the fractional escape rate of non-glycated albumin of the normal control subjects was 4.7% per hour). The index was numerically even higher in normoalbuminuric patients (1.031 +/- 0.0047 (SEM)), but reached significantly lower levels in patients with microalbuminuria (1.013 +/- 0.0030 (SEM), p < 0.02). Patients with clinical nephropathy had very low levels indicating loss of selectivity (1.002 +/- 0.0068 (SEM), p < 0.001). This pattern accords well with measurements of renal clearance selectivity indices, suggesting a general, progressive deterioration of anionic perivascular barrier components in diabetic microangiopathy. The structural target for these changes is likely to be the glycosaminoglycans of the glomerular basal membrane and the interstitial matrix.