Pathophysiology of primary headaches

The cerebral circulation is innervated by sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory nerves, which store a considerable number of neurotransmitters. The role of these has been evaluated in primary headaches. A clear association between head pain and the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide was demonstrated. In cluster headache and in a case of chronic paroxysmal headache there was in addition the release of vasoactive intestinal peptide, which was associated with the facial symptoms (nasal congestion, rhinorrhea). In parallel with sumatriptan treatment, head pain subsided and neuropeptide release normalized. These data show the involvement of sensory and parasympathetic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of primary headaches.