Microbiological aetiology of paediatric respiratory tract infections in Kyrgyzstan

Nargiza Osmonbaeva; Joakim Bloch; Aidai Erkinbaeva; Aigerim Tilebalieva; Raisa Tolobekova; Meerim Zhaparova; Aichatou Rogbo-Bengtsson; Elvira Isaeva; Azamat Akylbekov; Maamed Mademilov; Erkingul Baltabaeva; Gulbarchyn Esengeldieva; Christian Salgård Jensen; Alex Christian Yde Nielsen; Nikolai Søren Kirkby; Robert Skov; Anja Poulsen; Jesper Kjærgaard; Talant Sooronbaev; Jørgen A L Kurtzhals

doi:10.1186/s12879-025-10668-1

Microbiological aetiology of paediatric respiratory tract infections in Kyrgyzstan

Nargiza Osmonbaeva^*, Joakim Bloch^*, Aidai Erkinbaeva, Aigerim Tilebalieva, Raisa Tolobekova, Meerim Zhaparova, Aichatou Rogbo-Bengtsson, Elvira Isaeva, Azamat Akylbekov, Maamed Mademilov, Erkingul Baltabaeva, Gulbarchyn Esengeldieva, Christian Salgård Jensen, Alex Christian Yde Nielsen, Nikolai Søren Kirkby, Robert Skov, Anja Poulsen, Jesper Kjærgaard, Talant Sooronbaev, Jørgen A L Kurtzhals

^*Corresponding author af dette arbejde

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Aetiologic virus and bacteria vary geographically. To date, no systematic data on RTI aetiologies have been published from Kyrgyzstan, a country with a high under-five mortality from lower RTIs and a widespread overuse of antibiotics. We aimed to identify the aetiologies of RTI in children in Kyrgyzstan and to assess the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) vaccination rate and the correlation with the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in our population.

METHODS: We collected samples from children aged 6 months to 12 years presenting with symptoms of acute RTI for outpatients or diagnosed with pneumonia for inpatients. Samples were collected from November 2022 to June 2023 and were analysed using standard culture methods and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identify bacterial, viral, and atypical bacterial pathogens. We obtained the vaccination status through vaccination records and parents' recollections.

RESULTS: Positive bacteriologic cultures were found for 294 (25.0%) of 1174 outpatients and 83 (27.7%) of 300 inpatients. S. pneumoniae was the most commonly found bacterial pathogen in both groups, making up 44.8% of all cultured bacteria. Furthermore, 445 (64.1%) of 694 outpatients with RT-PCR performed had one or more viral pathogens identified, while this was the case for 162 (54.7%) of 296 inpatients. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was identified in 15.8% of inpatients possibly representing an epidemic in the spring of 2023. Approximately 20% of both in- and outpatients had a viral-bacterial simultaneous detection. 87.1% of outpatients and 75.9% of inpatients had been vaccinated with PCV. We found a higher proportion of unvaccinated children among those under five years of age and a higher carriage rate of S. pneumoniae among unvaccinated inpatients.

CONCLUSION: In this study, we found a high prevalence of viral infections and viral-bacterial simultaneous detections among Kyrgyz children with respiratory tract infections (RTI). The findings from this study can inform new clinical guidelines for local health workers and lead to more targeted use of antibiotics and improved health outcomes for children in Kyrgyzstan.

CLINICAL TRIAL: Not applicable.

Originalsprog	Engelsk
Artikelnummer	280
Tidsskrift	BMC Infectious Diseases
Vol/bind	25
Udgave nummer	1
Sider (fra-til)	280
ISSN	1471-2334
DOI	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10668-1
Status	Udgivet - 26 feb. 2025

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10.1186/s12879-025-10668-1Licens: CC BY-NC-ND

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Osmonbaeva, N., Bloch, J., Erkinbaeva, A., Tilebalieva, A., Tolobekova, R., Zhaparova, M., Rogbo-Bengtsson, A., Isaeva, E., Akylbekov, A., Mademilov, M., Baltabaeva, E., Esengeldieva, G., Jensen, C. S., Nielsen, A. C. Y., Kirkby, N. S., Skov, R., Poulsen, A., Kjærgaard, J., Sooronbaev, T., & Kurtzhals, J. A. L. (2025). Microbiological aetiology of paediatric respiratory tract infections in Kyrgyzstan. BMC Infectious Diseases, 25(1), 280. Artikel 280. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10668-1

Osmonbaeva, N, Bloch, J, Erkinbaeva, A, Tilebalieva, A, Tolobekova, R, Zhaparova, M, Rogbo-Bengtsson, A, Isaeva, E, Akylbekov, A, Mademilov, M, Baltabaeva, E, Esengeldieva, G, Jensen, CS, Nielsen, ACY , Kirkby, NS, Skov, R, Poulsen, A , Kjærgaard, J, Sooronbaev, T & Kurtzhals, JAL 2025, 'Microbiological aetiology of paediatric respiratory tract infections in Kyrgyzstan', BMC Infectious Diseases, bind 25, nr. 1, 280, s. 280. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10668-1

@article{599a47671b1d47afa025ab2fca60de43,

title = "Microbiological aetiology of paediatric respiratory tract infections in Kyrgyzstan",

abstract = "INTRODUCTION: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Aetiologic virus and bacteria vary geographically. To date, no systematic data on RTI aetiologies have been published from Kyrgyzstan, a country with a high under-five mortality from lower RTIs and a widespread overuse of antibiotics. We aimed to identify the aetiologies of RTI in children in Kyrgyzstan and to assess the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) vaccination rate and the correlation with the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in our population.METHODS: We collected samples from children aged 6 months to 12 years presenting with symptoms of acute RTI for outpatients or diagnosed with pneumonia for inpatients. Samples were collected from November 2022 to June 2023 and were analysed using standard culture methods and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identify bacterial, viral, and atypical bacterial pathogens. We obtained the vaccination status through vaccination records and parents' recollections.RESULTS: Positive bacteriologic cultures were found for 294 (25.0\%) of 1174 outpatients and 83 (27.7\%) of 300 inpatients. S. pneumoniae was the most commonly found bacterial pathogen in both groups, making up 44.8\% of all cultured bacteria. Furthermore, 445 (64.1\%) of 694 outpatients with RT-PCR performed had one or more viral pathogens identified, while this was the case for 162 (54.7\%) of 296 inpatients. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was identified in 15.8\% of inpatients possibly representing an epidemic in the spring of 2023. Approximately 20\% of both in- and outpatients had a viral-bacterial simultaneous detection. 87.1\% of outpatients and 75.9\% of inpatients had been vaccinated with PCV. We found a higher proportion of unvaccinated children among those under five years of age and a higher carriage rate of S. pneumoniae among unvaccinated inpatients.CONCLUSION: In this study, we found a high prevalence of viral infections and viral-bacterial simultaneous detections among Kyrgyz children with respiratory tract infections (RTI). The findings from this study can inform new clinical guidelines for local health workers and lead to more targeted use of antibiotics and improved health outcomes for children in Kyrgyzstan.CLINICAL TRIAL: Not applicable.",

keywords = "Humans, Kyrgyzstan/epidemiology, Child, Preschool, Infant, Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology, Child, Female, Male, Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation \& purification, Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration \& dosage, Vaccination/statistics \& numerical data",

author = "Nargiza Osmonbaeva and Joakim Bloch and Aidai Erkinbaeva and Aigerim Tilebalieva and Raisa Tolobekova and Meerim Zhaparova and Aichatou Rogbo-Bengtsson and Elvira Isaeva and Azamat Akylbekov and Maamed Mademilov and Erkingul Baltabaeva and Gulbarchyn Esengeldieva and Jensen, \{Christian Salg{\aa}rd\} and Nielsen, \{Alex Christian Yde\} and Kirkby, \{Nikolai S{\o}ren\} and Robert Skov and Anja Poulsen and Jesper Kj{\ae}rgaard and Talant Sooronbaev and Kurtzhals, \{J{\o}rgen A L\}",

note = "{\textcopyright} 2025. The Author(s).",

year = "2025",

month = feb,

day = "26",

doi = "10.1186/s12879-025-10668-1",

language = "English",

volume = "25",

pages = "280",

journal = "BMC Infectious Diseases",

issn = "1471-2334",

publisher = "BioMed Central Ltd",

number = "1",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Microbiological aetiology of paediatric respiratory tract infections in Kyrgyzstan

AU - Osmonbaeva, Nargiza

AU - Bloch, Joakim

AU - Erkinbaeva, Aidai

AU - Tilebalieva, Aigerim

AU - Tolobekova, Raisa

AU - Zhaparova, Meerim

AU - Rogbo-Bengtsson, Aichatou

AU - Isaeva, Elvira

AU - Akylbekov, Azamat

AU - Mademilov, Maamed

AU - Baltabaeva, Erkingul

AU - Esengeldieva, Gulbarchyn

AU - Jensen, Christian Salgård

AU - Nielsen, Alex Christian Yde

AU - Kirkby, Nikolai Søren

AU - Skov, Robert

AU - Poulsen, Anja

AU - Kjærgaard, Jesper

AU - Sooronbaev, Talant

AU - Kurtzhals, Jørgen A L

PY - 2025/2/26

Y1 - 2025/2/26

N2 - INTRODUCTION: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Aetiologic virus and bacteria vary geographically. To date, no systematic data on RTI aetiologies have been published from Kyrgyzstan, a country with a high under-five mortality from lower RTIs and a widespread overuse of antibiotics. We aimed to identify the aetiologies of RTI in children in Kyrgyzstan and to assess the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) vaccination rate and the correlation with the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in our population.METHODS: We collected samples from children aged 6 months to 12 years presenting with symptoms of acute RTI for outpatients or diagnosed with pneumonia for inpatients. Samples were collected from November 2022 to June 2023 and were analysed using standard culture methods and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identify bacterial, viral, and atypical bacterial pathogens. We obtained the vaccination status through vaccination records and parents' recollections.RESULTS: Positive bacteriologic cultures were found for 294 (25.0%) of 1174 outpatients and 83 (27.7%) of 300 inpatients. S. pneumoniae was the most commonly found bacterial pathogen in both groups, making up 44.8% of all cultured bacteria. Furthermore, 445 (64.1%) of 694 outpatients with RT-PCR performed had one or more viral pathogens identified, while this was the case for 162 (54.7%) of 296 inpatients. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was identified in 15.8% of inpatients possibly representing an epidemic in the spring of 2023. Approximately 20% of both in- and outpatients had a viral-bacterial simultaneous detection. 87.1% of outpatients and 75.9% of inpatients had been vaccinated with PCV. We found a higher proportion of unvaccinated children among those under five years of age and a higher carriage rate of S. pneumoniae among unvaccinated inpatients.CONCLUSION: In this study, we found a high prevalence of viral infections and viral-bacterial simultaneous detections among Kyrgyz children with respiratory tract infections (RTI). The findings from this study can inform new clinical guidelines for local health workers and lead to more targeted use of antibiotics and improved health outcomes for children in Kyrgyzstan.CLINICAL TRIAL: Not applicable.

AB - INTRODUCTION: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Aetiologic virus and bacteria vary geographically. To date, no systematic data on RTI aetiologies have been published from Kyrgyzstan, a country with a high under-five mortality from lower RTIs and a widespread overuse of antibiotics. We aimed to identify the aetiologies of RTI in children in Kyrgyzstan and to assess the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) vaccination rate and the correlation with the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in our population.METHODS: We collected samples from children aged 6 months to 12 years presenting with symptoms of acute RTI for outpatients or diagnosed with pneumonia for inpatients. Samples were collected from November 2022 to June 2023 and were analysed using standard culture methods and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to identify bacterial, viral, and atypical bacterial pathogens. We obtained the vaccination status through vaccination records and parents' recollections.RESULTS: Positive bacteriologic cultures were found for 294 (25.0%) of 1174 outpatients and 83 (27.7%) of 300 inpatients. S. pneumoniae was the most commonly found bacterial pathogen in both groups, making up 44.8% of all cultured bacteria. Furthermore, 445 (64.1%) of 694 outpatients with RT-PCR performed had one or more viral pathogens identified, while this was the case for 162 (54.7%) of 296 inpatients. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was identified in 15.8% of inpatients possibly representing an epidemic in the spring of 2023. Approximately 20% of both in- and outpatients had a viral-bacterial simultaneous detection. 87.1% of outpatients and 75.9% of inpatients had been vaccinated with PCV. We found a higher proportion of unvaccinated children among those under five years of age and a higher carriage rate of S. pneumoniae among unvaccinated inpatients.CONCLUSION: In this study, we found a high prevalence of viral infections and viral-bacterial simultaneous detections among Kyrgyz children with respiratory tract infections (RTI). The findings from this study can inform new clinical guidelines for local health workers and lead to more targeted use of antibiotics and improved health outcomes for children in Kyrgyzstan.CLINICAL TRIAL: Not applicable.

KW - Humans

KW - Kyrgyzstan/epidemiology

KW - Child, Preschool

KW - Infant

KW - Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology

KW - Child

KW - Female

KW - Male

KW - Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification

KW - Pneumococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage

KW - Vaccination/statistics & numerical data

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85218910819

U2 - 10.1186/s12879-025-10668-1

DO - 10.1186/s12879-025-10668-1

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 40011805

SN - 1471-2334

VL - 25

SP - 280

JO - BMC Infectious Diseases

JF - BMC Infectious Diseases

IS - 1

M1 - 280

ER -

Microbiological aetiology of paediatric respiratory tract infections in Kyrgyzstan

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