TY - JOUR
T1 - Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, nitric oxide synthase, and their receptors in human and rat sphenopalatine ganglion
AU - Csati, A
AU - Tajti, J
AU - Kuris, A
AU - Tuka, B
AU - Edvinsson, L
AU - Warfvinge, K
N1 - Copyright © 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
PY - 2012
Y1 - 2012
N2 - Cranial parasympathetic outflow is mediated through the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG). The present study was performed to examine the expression of the parasympathetic signaling transmitters and their receptors in human and rat SPG. Indirect immunofluorescence technique was used for the demonstration of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), glutamine synthetase (GS), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), VIP and PACAP common receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2), and PACAP receptor (PAC1). In addition, double labeling was carried out to reveal the co-localization of neurotransmitters. VIP-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons as well as fibers were frequently found in human SPG. Many, homogenously stained NOS-ir cells were found, but no positive fibers. In addition, PACAP-ir was observed in some of the neurons and in fibers. Co-localization was found between VIP and NOS. In rat VIP-, NOS-, and PACAP-ir were found in many neurons and fibers. Co-localization of PACAP and NOS was observed in neurons. PACAP and GS double staining revealed that the PACAP-ir was localized in/close to the cell membrane, but not in the satellite glial cells. PAC1 and VPAC1 immunoreactivity was found in the satellite glial cells of both human and rat. Western blot revealed protein expression of PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 in rat SPG. The trigeminal-autonomic reflex may be active in migraine attacks. We hypothesized that VIP, PACAP, NOS, PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 play a role in the activation of parasympathetic cranial outflow during migraine attacks.
AB - Cranial parasympathetic outflow is mediated through the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG). The present study was performed to examine the expression of the parasympathetic signaling transmitters and their receptors in human and rat SPG. Indirect immunofluorescence technique was used for the demonstration of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), glutamine synthetase (GS), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), VIP and PACAP common receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2), and PACAP receptor (PAC1). In addition, double labeling was carried out to reveal the co-localization of neurotransmitters. VIP-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons as well as fibers were frequently found in human SPG. Many, homogenously stained NOS-ir cells were found, but no positive fibers. In addition, PACAP-ir was observed in some of the neurons and in fibers. Co-localization was found between VIP and NOS. In rat VIP-, NOS-, and PACAP-ir were found in many neurons and fibers. Co-localization of PACAP and NOS was observed in neurons. PACAP and GS double staining revealed that the PACAP-ir was localized in/close to the cell membrane, but not in the satellite glial cells. PAC1 and VPAC1 immunoreactivity was found in the satellite glial cells of both human and rat. Western blot revealed protein expression of PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 in rat SPG. The trigeminal-autonomic reflex may be active in migraine attacks. We hypothesized that VIP, PACAP, NOS, PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 play a role in the activation of parasympathetic cranial outflow during migraine attacks.
KW - Aged
KW - Aged, 80 and over
KW - Animals
KW - Blotting, Western
KW - Cadaver
KW - Coloring Agents
KW - Female
KW - Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
KW - Fluorescent Dyes
KW - Ganglia, Parasympathetic
KW - Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
KW - Humans
KW - Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
KW - Immunohistochemistry
KW - Male
KW - Neurons
KW - Nitric Oxide Synthase
KW - Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
KW - Rats
KW - Rats, Sprague-Dawley
KW - Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
KW - Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
KW - Rhodamines
KW - Species Specificity
KW - Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
U2 - 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.055
DO - 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.10.055
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 22108610
SN - 0306-4522
VL - 202
SP - 158
EP - 168
JO - Neuroscience
JF - Neuroscience
ER -