C-reactive protein levels and treatment resistance in schizophrenia-A Danish population-based cohort study

OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia is associated with increased levels of inflammatory markers. However, it remains unclear whether inflammatory markers are associated with treatment-resistant schizophrenia.

METHODS: We conducted a population-based follow-up study among individuals with a first-time schizophrenia diagnosis and a baseline C-reactive protein measurement (a commonly available marker of systemic inflammation) from 2000 to 2012. We defined treatment resistance as the earliest observed instance of either clozapine initiation or hospital admission due to schizophrenia after having received at least 2 prior antipsychotic monotherapy trials of adequate duration. We used adjusted Cox regression analysis to calculate hazard ratios.

RESULTS: We identified 390 individuals with a C-reactive protein measurement at first-time schizophrenia diagnosis. A nonsignificant higher median C-reactive protein (4.0 vs. 3.1 mg/L, p = .13) was observed among the 52 (13.3%) treatment-resistant individuals. Increased levels of C-reactive protein (above 3 mg/L) at baseline were not associated with treatment resistance (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.99, 95% confidence interval [0.56, 1.73]).

CONCLUSIONS: C-reactive protein, as a single inflammatory marker, appears insufficient to detect treatment-resistant schizophrenia.