TY - JOUR
T1 - Academic performance in adolescents born to mothers with gestational diabetes - a national Danish cohort study
AU - Heldarskard, Gerda Ferja
AU - Spangmose, Anne Lærke
AU - Henningsen, Anna-Karina Aaris
AU - Wiingreen, Rikke
AU - Mortensen, Erik Lykke
AU - Gundersen, Tina Wullum
AU - Jensen, Rikke Beck
AU - Knorr, Sine
AU - Damm, Peter
AU - Forman, Julie Lyng
AU - Pinborg, Anja
AU - Clausen, Tine Dalsgaard
N1 - © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society.
PY - 2021/10/21
Y1 - 2021/10/21
N2 - CONTEXT: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing, and intrauterine hyperglycemia is suspected to affect offspring cognitive function.OBJECTIVE: We assessed academic performance by grade point average (GPA) in children aged 15 to 16 years at compulsory school graduation, comparing offspring exposed to GDM (O-GDM) with offspring from the background population (O-BP).METHODS: This register-based, cohort study comprised all singletons born in Denmark between 1994 and 2001 (O-GDM: n = 4286; O-BP: n = 501 045). Standardized and internationally comparable GPAs were compared in univariate and multivariable linear models. Main outcome measures included the adjusted mean difference in GPA. We also analyzed the probability of having a high GPA, a GPA below passing, and no GPA registered.RESULTS: O-GDM had a GPA of 6.29 (SD 2.52), whereas O-BP had a GPA of 6.78 (SD 2.50). The adjusted mean difference was -0.36 (95% CI, -0.44 to -0.29), corresponding to a Cohen's D of 0.14. O-GDM had a lower probability of obtaining a high GPA (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.68; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.79), while their risk of obtaining a GPA below passing was similar to O-BP (aOR 1.20; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.50). O-GDM had a higher risk of not having a GPA registered (aOR 1.38; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.53).CONCLUSION: Academic performance in O-GDM was marginally lower than in O-BP. However, this difference is unlikely to be of clinical importance.
AB - CONTEXT: The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing, and intrauterine hyperglycemia is suspected to affect offspring cognitive function.OBJECTIVE: We assessed academic performance by grade point average (GPA) in children aged 15 to 16 years at compulsory school graduation, comparing offspring exposed to GDM (O-GDM) with offspring from the background population (O-BP).METHODS: This register-based, cohort study comprised all singletons born in Denmark between 1994 and 2001 (O-GDM: n = 4286; O-BP: n = 501 045). Standardized and internationally comparable GPAs were compared in univariate and multivariable linear models. Main outcome measures included the adjusted mean difference in GPA. We also analyzed the probability of having a high GPA, a GPA below passing, and no GPA registered.RESULTS: O-GDM had a GPA of 6.29 (SD 2.52), whereas O-BP had a GPA of 6.78 (SD 2.50). The adjusted mean difference was -0.36 (95% CI, -0.44 to -0.29), corresponding to a Cohen's D of 0.14. O-GDM had a lower probability of obtaining a high GPA (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.68; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.79), while their risk of obtaining a GPA below passing was similar to O-BP (aOR 1.20; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.50). O-GDM had a higher risk of not having a GPA registered (aOR 1.38; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.53).CONCLUSION: Academic performance in O-GDM was marginally lower than in O-BP. However, this difference is unlikely to be of clinical importance.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85115977647&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1210/clinem/dgab451
DO - 10.1210/clinem/dgab451
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 34156463
SN - 0021-972X
VL - 106
SP - e4554-e4564
JO - The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
JF - The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism
IS - 11
ER -